The Araceae family, also known colloquially as the aroid family, is a large and extremely diverse group of flowering plants: it contains over 140 genera and 3500 species. They are often admired for their stunning foliage and unique inflorescence structures. They can be found in a variety of habitats on every continent except Antarctica, but most commonly grow in the understory of the tropics. Some aroids, such as those in the Bucephalandra genus, are even aquatic.
A defining characteristic of the Araceae family is their inflorescence, which consists of a spadix and a spathe. The spadix is a long rod-like structure that small, tightly-packed small flowers grow along. The spathe is a modified leaf, known as a bract, that surrounds and protects the flowers on the spadix. A few species have colorful spathes, such as Anthurium andreanum, which is a commonly grown ornamental plant.
A number of plants in this family are thermogenic and have the ability to produce heat, raising the temperature of the inflorescence. This is particularly useful for attracting pollinators by increasing the pungency of the scents it produces. Heat, combined with a foul odor, is an effective tool for attracting a variety of insects. Some species, such as Amorphopallus titanum, produce scents mimicking rotten flesh, which attract species of beetles and flies for pollination.
Most aroid species produce calcium oxalate crystals that are irritating when consumed. These crystals cause extreme discomfort in the mouth and throat and are an effective mechanism of defense against herbivory. Despite the potential danger, there are species of edible aroids where processing and cooking successfully reduce the amount of calcium oxalate. Taro (Colocasia esculenta) may be the most notable example, a starchy vegetable that is a staple food in parts of Asia and Africa.
Members of the Araceae family are commonly grown ornamentally due to their beauty and ability to survive in indoor conditions. A few notable aroid species are discussed briefly below.
Zamioculcas zamiifolia
Native to eastern Africa, Zamioculcas zamiifolia is the only species within the Zamioculcas genus. This species is known for its attractive foliage and ease of care. When grown indoors, use well-draining soil; this plant is rhizomatous and will rot when overwatered. Z. zamiifolia prefers bright indirect light, but will tolerate lower light conditions as well. It can be propagated by leaf cuttings, stem cuttings, and division.
Alocasia cuprea
Alocasia cuprea is native to Borneo and gets its name from the unusual coppery sheen on its leaves. Members of this genus are rhizomatous and have broad leaves. Generally, Alocasia species thrive in tropical and subtropical regions with abundant rainfall and high humidity. Like many other aroids, A. cuprea will benefit from regular watering, well-draining soil, and bright indirect light.
Philodendron pedatum
Philodendron pedatum, also known as Oak Leaf Philodendron, is a vining member of the aroid family native to parts of South America. This species is known for its unique, jagged leaf shape and has similar growing conditions to many other Philodendron species. Morphology within the Philodendron genus varies greatly, which is part of the reason for their popularity as ornamental plants. Because it is a vining plant, it will grow larger, more mature leaves when given support for vertical growth.
Monstera deliciosa
Monstera deliciosa is one of the most beloved and well-known houseplants. It is native to tropical regions between Mexico and Panama where it can grow up to 60 feet tall. It’s admired for its large fenestrated leaves and long aerial roots. Being a vining plant, M. deliciosa will benefit from a trellis or moss pole that supports its vertical growth. When fully ripe, the fruit of M. Deliciosa is safe for consumption and tastes sweet, hence the name deliciosa.